Among the following factors that can cause an error during distance measurement in chaining, the compensating

Question

Among the following factors that can cause an error during distance measurement in chaining, the compensating error is caused by __________________.

Examoogle · Accepted Answer

The correct answer is Option A: careless holding and marking. Compensating errors are those that occur in both positive and negative directions, tending to partially cancel each other out over a series of measurements. Careless holding and marking of the chain pins are random actions that result in errors of varying signs, thus categorizing them as compensating.

Step-by-Step Solution & Concepts:
Compensating errors are those that occur in both positive and negative directions, tending to partially cancel each other out over a series of measurements. Careless holding and marking of the chain pins are random actions that result in errors of varying signs, thus categorizing them as compensating.

Working Principle: In surveying, errors are categorized into systematic (cumulative) and accidental (compensating). Compensating errors follow the law of probability and are proportional to the square root of the number of measurements ($n$), represented as $e \propto \sqrt{n}$. Unlike systematic errors that consistently pull the measurement in one direction, compensating errors are essentially random, making them unpredictable but self-canceling.

Key Formulas: $\Sigma E_c = \pm e\sqrt{n}$ — where $E_c$ is the total compensating error and $n$ is the number of observations

Key Points: Systematic errors are cumulative and always in the same direction.; Compensating errors are accidental and cancel out statistically.; The magnitude of accidental error is proportional to the square root of the distance measured.

Advantages: Errors tend to neutralize over long distances; Does not require constant sign correction

Disadvantages: Cannot be eliminated by simple calibration; Requires statistical averaging to minimize

Applications: Chain surveying; General linear measurement

Additional Info: Sag in chain, temperature variation, and incorrect chain length are classified as systematic (cumulative) errors.. Careless holding/marking is unpredictable, making it the classic example of an accidental/compensating error.

Answer: A is correct — Careless holding and marking of the chain lead to random deviations that are equally likely to be positive or negative, effectively acting as compensating errors.

Exam Tip: Remember the acronym 'SITS' for Systematic errors: Sag, Incorrect chain length, Temperature, Slope. Everything else in chaining (like bad plumbing, marking, or careless reading) is typically accidental.

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Option B: bad ranging

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Option C: sag in chain

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Option D: variation in temperature

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