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An ideal surge diverter should have the characteristics
Its power frequency breakdown or spark over must be above normal or abnormal fundamental frequency
When the value of voltage transient to peak exceeds the spark over value of the surge diverter, a conducting path to earth must be provided
After occurrence of breakdown, it must carry the resulting discharge current without any damage to it
All of above
All of above
An ideal surge diverter (lightning arrester) must act as an open circuit under normal system voltage and as an ideal low-impedance path during a transient overvoltage. This ensures that the surge is safely diverted to ground while the system maintains continuous power delivery.
An ideal surge diverter (lightning arrester) must act as an open circuit under normal system voltage and as an ideal low-impedance path during a transient overvoltage. This ensures that the surge is safely diverted to ground while the system maintains continuous power delivery.
VsтАЛ>VnтАЛ тАФ Where VsтАЛ is sparkover voltage and VnтАЛ is normal peak voltage
IdтАЛ=ZsurgeтАЛVsurgeтАЛтИТVresтАЛтАЛ тАФ Represents discharge current calculation
The device utilizes a non-linear resistor (such as Silicon Carbide or Metal Oxide) connected in series with a spark gap. When a transient pulse exceeds the protective level, the spark gap breaks down, providing a low-resistance path to ground. Once the surge subsides, the non-linear element limits the power-frequency follow-current to a value low enough for the arc to self-extinguish.
Must have high impedance at normal frequency to avoid leakage current.
Must provide low impedance during transients to protect equipment.
Must effectively quench follow-current without causing system trip.
Ability to withstand repeated surges without degradation.
Protection of expensive insulation (transformers/switchgear).
Self-restoring nature after surge discharge.
Non-ideal quenching can lead to short-duration power frequency arcs.
Aging effects in Metal Oxide (ZnO) arresters.
Transmission line terminal protection.
Transformer HV bushing protection.
Substation lightning protection.
Standard surge diverters must be rated for the maximum continuous operating voltage (MCOV).
Option A ensures the device does not trip during normal system oscillations or temporary overvoltages (TOV).
D is correct тАФ An ideal surge diverter must possess high voltage withstand at fundamental frequency, rapid breakdown during transients, and high energy discharge capacity.
Remember that a high impulse ratio is desirable for insulation coordination, but for surge diverters, we require a low impulse ratio to ensure the diverter acts before the insulation fails.