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FACTS devices used in
Generation
AC transmission
DC transmission
None
AC transmission
FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems) are power electronics-based systems designed to enhance the controllability and power transfer capability of AC transmission networks. By utilizing high-speed power electronic controllers, they modify the electrical parameters of the transmission linesтАФsuch as impedance, voltage magnitude, and phase angleтАФto optimize power flow.
FACTS (Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems) are power electronics-based systems designed to enhance the controllability and power transfer capability of AC transmission networks. By utilizing high-speed power electronic controllers, they modify the electrical parameters of the transmission linesтАФsuch as impedance, voltage magnitude, and phase angleтАФto optimize power flow.
P=XV1тАЛV2тАЛтАЛsin(╬┤) тАФ Power transmission equation showing dependency on line reactance X and phase angle ╬┤
QcтАЛ=V2тЛЕBsvcтАЛ тАФ Reactive power support provided by shunt compensation
FACTS devices work by modulating the impedance (X), voltage (V), or phase shift (delta) in an AC circuit. For example, a series device like a TCSC (Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor) adjusts the effective line reactance to control power flow, while shunt devices like SVC (Static Var Compensator) or STATCOM provide reactive power support to maintain bus voltage stability.
FACTS devices are specifically designed for high-voltage AC transmission lines.
They increase the usable capacity of existing transmission lines without building new infrastructure.
They provide instantaneous response to system disturbances, enhancing transient stability.
Major types include Shunt (STATCOM, SVC), Series (TCSC, SSSC), and Combined (UPFC).
Improved power transfer capability
Enhanced voltage stability and transient stability
Dynamic control of power flow in congested networks
High capital and installation costs
Complexity in control and communication systems
Requirement for sophisticated protection schemes
Long-distance EHV AC transmission lines
Mitigation of sub-synchronous resonance (SSR)
Damping of power system oscillations
FACTS technology is fundamentally tied to AC systems; DC transmission utilizes different power electronics, specifically HVDC converters (VSC/LCC).
Option A is incorrect because generation involves primary prime movers and excitation controls, not FACTS.
Option C is incorrect because DC transmission utilizes HVDC technology, where the concept of 'impedance control' through FACTS does not apply in the same AC-centric context.
B is correct тАФ FACTS devices are exclusively designed to improve the performance and control of AC transmission systems.
Always remember that FACTS = Flexible AC Transmission Systems; the name itself points to AC, whereas DC transmission systems are controlled by HVDC converter stations.