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How many positive integers less than 20 are co-prime to 20?
8
6
10
4
8
Use Euler's totient formula ╧Х(n)=n├Чp1тАЛp1тАЛтИТ1тАЛ├Чp2тАЛp2тАЛтИТ1тАЛ where p1тАЛ,p2тАЛ are distinct prime factors of n. For 20=22├Ч5, calculate 20├Ч(1тИТ1/2)├Ч(1тИТ1/5)=20├Ч1/2├Ч4/5=8.
We need to find the count of positive integers less than 20 that are co-prime to 20.
╧Х(n)=nтИПpтИгnтАЛ(1тИТp1тАЛ)
Use Euler's totient formula ╧Х(n)=n├Чp1тАЛp1тАЛтИТ1тАЛ├Чp2тАЛp2тАЛтИТ1тАЛ where p1тАЛ,p2тАЛ are distinct prime factors of n. For 20=22├Ч5, calculate 20├Ч(1тИТ1/2)├Ч(1тИТ1/5)=20├Ч1/2├Ч4/5=8.
Many students mistake co-prime integers for prime numbers, or they include 1 and 20 in the set, but 20 is not less than 20 and 20 is not co-prime to 20.
Prime Factorization
First, find the prime factorization of 20.
20=22├Ч51
Identify Distinct Prime Factors
Identify the unique prime numbers that divide 20.
p1тАЛ=2,p2тАЛ=5
Apply Euler's Totient Formula
Substitute the prime factors into the formula ╧Х(n)=n(1тИТ1/p1тАЛ)(1тИТ1/p2тАЛ).
╧Х(20)=20├Ч(1тИТ21тАЛ)├Ч(1тИТ51тАЛ)
Final Calculation
Solve the arithmetic expression to get the count.
╧Х(20)=20├Ч21тАЛ├Ч54тАЛ=10├Ч54тАЛ=8
A is correct because the Euler's totient function calculation ╧Х(20)=8 confirms there are exactly 8 positive integers less than 20 that share no common factor with 20 other than 1.
This concept is fundamental in modular arithmetic and RSA cryptography, where calculating the totient of a product of two large primes is a security requirement.