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Read the given statements and conclusions carefully. Assuming that the information given in the statements is true, even if it appears to be at variance with commonly known facts, decide which of the given conclusions logically follow(s) from the statements.
Statements:
Some whales are sharks.
Some sharks are dolphins.
Conclusions:
(I) No shark is a whale.
(II) Some whales are dolphins.
Both conclusions (I) and (II) follow.
Neither conclusion (I) nor (II) follows.
Only conclusion (II) follows.
Only conclusion (I) follows.
Neither conclusion (I) nor (II) follows.
Quick Trick: In syllogisms, two particular positive statements (Some + Some) never yield a definite conclusion. Check if terms distributed in conclusions are strictly definite.
In syllogisms, two particular positive statements (Some + Some) never yield a definite conclusion. Check if terms distributed in conclusions are strictly definite.
Evaluate Conclusion (I): No shark is a whale
Statement 1 states 'Some whales are sharks'. By conversion, 'Some sharks are whales' is definitely true. Therefore, the negative statement 'No shark is a whale' directly contradicts the given premise and is definitely FALSE.
Evaluate Conclusion (II): Some whales are dolphins
Statements are: 'Some whales are sharks' (I-type) and 'Some sharks are dolphins' (I-type). Combining two particular statements (I + I) yields no definite conclusion. Whales and Dolphins may or may not overlap in a valid Venn diagram. Thus, 'Some whales are dolphins' does not logically follow as a definite conclusion.
A: Wrong because neither conclusion is logically valid. C: Wrong because conclusion (II) is only possible, not definite. D: Wrong because conclusion (I) contradicts statement 1.
B is correct because neither conclusion (I) nor (II) logically follows from the given premises.
Remember that 'Some A are B' + 'Some B are C' can NEVER produce a definite relationship between A and C. Always distinguish between definite conclusions and mere possibilities.