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Solar PV systems are
Connected to the power grid
Used to sell power to the grid
Stand alone source of electricity
All of above
All of above
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems are versatile power generation architectures that convert solar irradiance into electricity ┬╖ Depending on the system design and grid policy, these systems can function as isolated off-grid units, grid-connected systems, or net-metering configurations where surplus power is exported to the grid.
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems are versatile power generation architectures that convert solar irradiance into electricity ┬╖ Depending on the system design and grid policy, these systems can function as isolated off-grid units, grid-connected systems, or net-metering configurations where surplus power is exported to the grid.
PoutтАЛ=╬╖тЛЕAтЛЕG
VocтАЛтЙИqnkTтАЛln(I0тАЛIphтАЛтАЛ+1)
The fundamental mechanism is the Photovoltaic Effect, where semiconductor materials (typically silicon) absorb photons with energy E=h╬╜, creating electron-hole pairs across the p-n junction ┬╖ The resulting DC power is either stored in battery banks for stand-alone use or converted to AC using an inverter for synchronization with grid voltage, frequency, and phase to enable power export.
Grid-tied systems require synchronization with the utility frequency (50 Hz in India).
Stand-alone systems necessitate Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) for energy autonomy during non-sunlight hours.
Net metering allows consumers to offset electricity bills by injecting surplus energy into the distribution network.
Reduces carbon footprint
Low maintenance costs
Scalability from small residential to utility-scale plants
Intermittent energy supply
High initial capital investment
Requires significant land area for large-scale generation
Residential rooftop solar
Street lighting
Large-scale solar parks
In India, grid connectivity follows Central Electricity Authority (CEA) guidelines for safety and synchronization.
Option D is the most accurate as it encompasses the full range of operational modes for PV deployment.
D is correct тАФ Solar PV systems are versatile enough to operate in islanded modes (stand-alone), grid-interactive modes, or bidirectional configurations (selling power to the grid).
For GATE/ESE exams, remember that synchronization requires the PV inverter output voltage magnitude, frequency, and phase angle to match the grid exactly to avoid circulating currents and instability.