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The rate of rise or fall of the road surface along its length is called
Camber
Superelevation
Gradient
Banking
Gradient
Gradient, also known as longitudinal slope, is the rate of rise or fall of the road surface along its alignment. It is provided to accommodate the varying topography of the terrain and to ensure proper drainage along the length of the road.
Gradient, also known as longitudinal slope, is the rate of rise or fall of the road surface along its alignment. It is provided to accommodate the varying topography of the terrain and to ensure proper drainage along the length of the road.
G=LhтАЛ тАФ Gradient expressed as a ratio
G(%)=LhтАЛ├Ч100 тАФ Gradient expressed as a percentage
The gradient is determined based on the design speed, traffic volume, and terrain type. Steeper gradients are permitted in hilly terrain to minimize earthwork costs, while flatter gradients are mandatory on expressways for safety and vehicle efficiency. The slope is expressed as a ratio (1 in n) or as a percentage (n%).
Gradient influences vehicle power requirements and fuel consumption.
Maximum gradients are specified by IRC (Indian Roads Congress) for different terrain types.
A road with no longitudinal slope is called a level stretch.
Excessive gradient reduces the sight distance and increases the risk of accidents for heavy vehicles.
Allows roads to follow natural ground contours, saving excavation costs.
Facilitates efficient surface drainage along the length of the road.
Increased gradient leads to higher fuel consumption for heavy vehicles.
Steep slopes restrict the speed of vehicles and decrease road capacity.
Highway alignment design.
Railway track vertical profile design.
Urban drainage planning for road networks.
IRC specifies 'Ruling Gradient', 'Limiting Gradient', and 'Exceptional Gradient' for different design speeds.
Camber is the cross-slope provided for transverse drainage, while Superelevation is the transverse tilt provided at curves to counteract centrifugal force.
C is correct тАФ The longitudinal slope of a road surface is formally defined as the gradient.
Always distinguish between 'Camber' (transverse slope for drainage) and 'Gradient' (longitudinal slope for vertical alignment) to avoid common confusion in civil engineering exams.