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Which of the following doesn’t indicate the linear method of setting out the curve?
offsets from chords produced
By offsets from the tangents
By curves
By offsets of long chords
By curves
Setting out circular curves in surveying is classified into linear methods and angular (instrumental) methods. Linear methods use only linear measurement tools like chain or tape without measuring angles, whereas instrumental methods involve angular measuring instruments such as theodolites. 'By curves' is not a recognized method of setting out curves.
Setting out circular curves in surveying is classified into linear methods and angular (instrumental) methods. Linear methods use only linear measurement tools like chain or tape without measuring angles, whereas instrumental methods involve angular measuring instruments such as theodolites. 'By curves' is not a recognized method of setting out curves.
Ox=R−R2−x2 — Offset Ox at distance x from mid-point of long chord
Ox≈2Rx2 — Approximate offset Ox from tangent at distance x
On=2RCn(Cn+Cn−1) — Offset from chord produced for chord Cn
Linear methods rely solely on linear dimensions derived from geometric properties of the curve (such as offset distances from tangents, long chord, or chords produced). Angular methods use a theodolite or total station to measure deflection angles along with linear chainage measurements to locate curve points accurately.
Linear methods are suitable for short curves or low precision requirements where a theodolite is not needed.
Major linear methods include: Offsets from long chord, Radial/Perpendicular offsets from tangents, Offsets from chords produced, and Successive bisection of arcs.
Angular methods include Rankine's deflection angle method, Two-theodolite method, and Tachometric method.
'By curves' is a distractor and not an engineering technique for setting out.
Does not require sophisticated or costly angular instruments like theodolites.
Simple execution using standard measuring chains or tapes.
Accumulation of errors over long distances reduces precision.
Not suitable for long, highway, or high-speed railway curves.
Setting out simple circular curves of short radius.
Field surveying work where extreme angular precision is unnecessary.
| Feature | Linear Methods | Angular Methods |
|---|---|---|
Primary Instruments Used | Chain, Tape, Arrows, Pegs | Theodolite/Total Station + Tape |
Accuracy Level | Low to Moderate | High to Very High |
Suitability | Short curves, small radius | Long curves, large radius, highways/railways |
Option A (offsets from chords produced) is a linear method widely used for long curves when a theodolite is not available.
Option B (by offsets from the tangents) is a valid linear method using radial or perpendicular offsets.
Option D (by offsets of long chords) is a valid linear method suitable for short curves with a small deflection angle.
C is correct — 'By curves' is not a valid surveying method for setting out curves, whereas the other options are standard linear methods.
Always categorize curve setting methods into Linear (tape/chain only) vs Angular (theodolite/tape combination) to quickly eliminate invalid options in exam questions.