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Chapter 1 of 12 • Page 1 of 248🔒 Protected PDF • Watermarked
Back to Practice Questions
CivilAdvanced Survey
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Which of the following doesn’t indicate the linear method of setting out the curve?

A

offsets from chords produced

B

By offsets from the tangents

C

By curves

D

By offsets of long chords

Correct Answer

⚙️ TE • Technical Concept & PrincipleCivilAdvanced Survey
Option C

By curves

Quick Summary:

Setting out circular curves in surveying is classified into linear methods and angular (instrumental) methods. Linear methods use only linear measurement tools like chain or tape without measuring angles, whereas instrumental methods involve angular measuring instruments such as theodolites. 'By curves' is not a recognized method of setting out curves.

⚙️TETechnical SolutionConcept & Principle
💡 Explanation

Setting out circular curves in surveying is classified into linear methods and angular (instrumental) methods. Linear methods use only linear measurement tools like chain or tape without measuring angles, whereas instrumental methods involve angular measuring instruments such as theodolites. 'By curves' is not a recognized method of setting out curves.

🔢 Key Formulas

Ox=R−R2−x2O_x = R - \sqrt{R^2 - x^2}Ox​=R−R2−x2​ — Offset OxO_xOx​ at distance xxx from mid-point of long chord

Ox≈x22RO_x \approx \frac{x^2}{2R}Ox​≈2Rx2​ — Approximate offset OxO_xOx​ from tangent at distance xxx

On=Cn(Cn+Cn−1)2RO_n = \frac{C_n (C_n + C_{n-1})}{2R}On​=2RCn​(Cn​+Cn−1​)​ — Offset from chord produced for chord CnC_nCn​

⚙️ Working Principle

Linear methods rely solely on linear dimensions derived from geometric properties of the curve (such as offset distances from tangents, long chord, or chords produced). Angular methods use a theodolite or total station to measure deflection angles along with linear chainage measurements to locate curve points accurately.

📌 Key Points
  • ▸

    Linear methods are suitable for short curves or low precision requirements where a theodolite is not needed.

  • ▸

    Major linear methods include: Offsets from long chord, Radial/Perpendicular offsets from tangents, Offsets from chords produced, and Successive bisection of arcs.

  • ▸

    Angular methods include Rankine's deflection angle method, Two-theodolite method, and Tachometric method.

  • ▸

    'By curves' is a distractor and not an engineering technique for setting out.

✅ Advantages
  • ▸

    Does not require sophisticated or costly angular instruments like theodolites.

  • ▸

    Simple execution using standard measuring chains or tapes.

❌ Disadvantages / Limitations
  • ▸

    Accumulation of errors over long distances reduces precision.

  • ▸

    Not suitable for long, highway, or high-speed railway curves.

🛠️ Applications / Uses
  • ▸

    Setting out simple circular curves of short radius.

  • ▸

    Field surveying work where extreme angular precision is unnecessary.

🔄 Comparison Table
FeatureLinear MethodsAngular Methods

Primary Instruments Used

Chain, Tape, Arrows, Pegs

Theodolite/Total Station + Tape

Accuracy Level

Low to Moderate

High to Very High

Suitability

Short curves, small radius

Long curves, large radius, highways/railways

📄 Additional Information
  • ▸

    Option A (offsets from chords produced) is a linear method widely used for long curves when a theodolite is not available.

  • ▸

    Option B (by offsets from the tangents) is a valid linear method using radial or perpendicular offsets.

  • ▸

    Option D (by offsets of long chords) is a valid linear method suitable for short curves with a small deflection angle.

📊 Diagram / Illustration
Methods of Setting Out CurvesLinear Methods• Offsets from Tangents• Offsets from Long Chord• Chords ProducedAngular Methods• Rankine's Deflection Angle• Two-Theodolite Method• Tachometric Method
✅

C is correct — 'By curves' is not a valid surveying method for setting out curves, whereas the other options are standard linear methods.

Core Concepts Used
Click any tag to open in AI Tutor
Linear Methods of Curve Setting Angular Methods of Curve Setting Surveying and Curve Layout
💡 EXAM TIP

Always categorize curve setting methods into Linear (tape/chain only) vs Angular (theodolite/tape combination) to quickly eliminate invalid options in exam questions.

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