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Which of the following most accurately characterizes the principal factor behind the establishment of integrated steel complexes such as Bhilai, Durgapur, and Rourkela during the Second Five-Year Plan?
A surge in large-scale private sector investments facilitated by extensive government deregulation
The execution of bilateral arrangements with both socialist and Western bloc nations to secure technical know-how and financial support for industrialization
An explicit policy orientation towards fostering export-driven industries to augment foreign exchange reserves
The existence of plentiful indigenous iron ore and coal reserves, combined with advanced domestic technological expertise
The execution of bilateral arrangements with both socialist and Western bloc nations to secure technical know-how and financial support for industrialization
The Second Five-Year Plan, also known as the Mahalanobis Plan, focused on rapid industrialization with a emphasis on heavy industries. To overcome the lack of domestic capital and advanced technical expertise in steel manufacturing, India signed bilateral agreements with the USSR (Bhilai), the UK (Durgapur), and West Germany (Rourkela).
The Second Five-Year Plan, also known as the Mahalanobis Plan, focused on rapid industrialization with a emphasis on heavy industries. To overcome the lack of domestic capital and advanced technical expertise in steel manufacturing, India signed bilateral agreements with the USSR (Bhilai), the UK (Durgapur), and West Germany (Rourkela).
The Second Five-Year Plan (1956-1961) was based on the Mahalanobis model, which prioritized the development of capital goods industries to achieve long-term self-reliance.
Bhilai Steel Plant was established in Chhattisgarh with Soviet collaboration.
Rourkela Steel Plant was established in Odisha with West German collaboration.
Durgapur Steel Plant was established in West Bengal with British collaboration.
The Second Plan shifted the developmental focus from agriculture (First Plan) to heavy industrialization.
The collaboration models were part of India's non-aligned foreign policy, utilizing assistance from both Cold War power blocs.
The Second Plan faced a severe foreign exchange crisis by 1957-58 due to massive capital goods imports, leading to a focus on export promotion in subsequent years.
Option A is incorrect because the Second Plan emphasized a socialist pattern of society with a dominant public sector, not deregulation.
Option D is incorrect because while India had natural resources, it lacked the advanced metallurgical and engineering expertise required for large-scale steel production at the time.
B is correct тАФ The establishment of steel plants relied heavily on international technical and financial collaborations as India lacked the necessary infrastructure and high-end technological expertise at that time.
Connect this to the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956, which categorized industries into three schedules and solidified the state's command over heavy industries like steel, coal, and railways.
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