A heater is rated as 230 V, 10 kW, A.C. The value 230 V referes to

Question

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r.m.s. voltage

Explanation: Given: A heater rating of 230 V and 10 kW for an A.C. circuit.

Formula Used: $$V_{rms} = \frac{V_{peak}}{\sqrt{2}}$$

Steps: Understanding Standard Ratings: In electrical engineering, when an AC appliance is rated for a specific voltage, it refers to the effective heating capacity of the current.. Defining RMS Voltage: The Root Mean Square (RMS) value is the equivalent DC voltage that would dissipate the same amount of power as the given AC signal across the same resistive load.. Conclusion: Since power ratings in heaters rely on energy dissipation, the specified '230 V' corresponds to the RMS voltage, which is the standard definition for AC power utility ratings.

Answer: B is correct because standard AC power ratings such as 230 V refer to the Root Mean Square (RMS) voltage, which represents the effective voltage producing equivalent thermal energy to a DC circuit.

Exam Tip: Always remember that for any AC household measurement, unless 'peak' or 'average' is explicitly specified, the value is assumed to be $V_{rms}$, which is $V_{peak} / \sqrt{2}$ for a pure sine wave.

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