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A particular consumer has loads of 200 kW, 400 kW and 300 kW, which are operating continuously. If the maximum demand of the consumer is 600 kW, find the demand factor of the system.
42.5%
33.33%
16.67%
66.67%
66.67%
The demand factor is defined as the ratio of the maximum demand to the total connected load of a system. It provides an indication of the extent to which the total installed capacity is being utilized by the consumer during the peak load period.
IS 7727: 1975
The demand factor is defined as the ratio of the maximum demand to the total connected load of a system. It provides an indication of the extent to which the total installed capacity is being utilized by the consumer during the peak load period.
Total┬аConnected┬аLoad=P1тАЛ+P2тАЛ+P3тАЛ
Demand┬аFactor=Total┬аConnected┬аLoadMaximum┬аDemandтАЛ├Ч100%
The total connected load is the sum of the ratings of all individual electrical appliances and equipment installed. Since it is rare for all loads to operate simultaneously at their full capacity, the maximum demand is usually less than the total connected load. The demand factor helps utility companies estimate the required capacity of power system components such as transformers and cables.
The demand factor is always less than or equal to 1 (or 100%).
It accounts for diversity in the usage of electrical equipment.
A lower demand factor implies that the actual peak power requirement is significantly lower than the total installed capacity.
Helps in the efficient sizing of electrical equipment.
Reduces capital investment by sizing components based on actual peak demand rather than connected capacity.
Does not account for the time duration of load operation.
Can be misleading if the connected load has high standby capacity.
Distribution transformer selection.
Feeder circuit design in residential and industrial buildings.
Calculation: Total┬аConnected┬аLoad=200+400+300=900┬аkW.
Demand┬аFactor=900600тАЛ├Ч100=66.67%.
Option B (33.33%) results from using the reciprocal incorrectly. Option C (16.67%) is a calculation error involving a different subset of data.
D is correct тАФ The demand factor is calculated as the ratio of the maximum demand (600 kW) to the sum of the total connected loads (900 kW), yielding 66.67%.
Remember that while Demand Factor relates to Capacity/Loading, Load Factor relates to Energy consumption over time (Average┬аLoad/PeakDemand). Always check which ratio the question is asking for.
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