Cells are connected in series in order to

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increase the voltage rating

Explanation: When cells are connected in series, their individual electromotive forces (EMFs) add up, resulting in a higher total voltage output for the combination. This configuration is used when the load device requires a higher operating voltage than what a single cell can provide.

Working Principle: In a series connection, the positive terminal of one cell is connected to the negative terminal of the next. By Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL), the total voltage $V_{total}$ is the algebraic sum of individual cell potentials, while the current flowing through each cell remains identical to the load current.

Key Formulas: $V_{total} = \sum_{i=1}^{n} E_i$ — Total voltage in series; $I_{total} = I_{cell}$ — Current in series circuit

Key Points: In series connection, total voltage increases linearly with the number of cells.; Total internal resistance $R_{total}$ increases as $R_{total} = \sum R_i$.; Current capacity (Ampere-hour rating) remains equal to that of a single cell.

Advantages: Higher output voltage available from low-voltage cells; Simple wiring architecture

Disadvantages: If one cell fails (open circuit), the entire string fails; Total internal resistance increases, potentially leading to higher power loss

Applications: Flashlights requiring higher voltage bulbs; Electric vehicle battery packs for high power output; UPS systems

Additional Info: For parallel connection, the voltage remains the same as a single cell, but the current capacity increases.. Option B is incorrect because connecting cells in parallel increases current capacity, not series.

Answer: A is correct — Cells are connected in series to increase the total voltage rating by summing individual EMFs.

Exam Tip: Remember: Series = Voltage summation; Parallel = Current summation. This is a fundamental principle in battery management systems (BMS) design.

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