If an element X forms an ion with a charge of +3, what does this indicate about its electronic nature regardin

Question

If an element X forms an ion with a charge of +3, what does this indicate about its electronic nature regarding valence electrons?

Examoogle · Accepted Answer

The correct answer is Option B: It has lost 3 electrons. An element forms a positive ion (cation) by losing electrons, which are negatively charged subatomic particles. A charge of $+3$ indicates that the atom has lost three electrons to achieve a more stable electronic configuration, typically resembling a noble gas.

Step-by-Step Solution & Concepts:
An element forms a positive ion (cation) by losing electrons, which are negatively charged subatomic particles. A charge of $+3$ indicates that the atom has lost three electrons to achieve a more stable electronic configuration, typically resembling a noble gas.

Working Principle: In a neutral atom, the number of protons ($Z$) equals the number of electrons ($e^-$). When an atom loses $n$ electrons, the balance is disrupted, resulting in a net charge of $+n$. This process is governed by the ionization energy required to overcome the electrostatic attraction between the nucleus and the valence electrons.

Key Formulas: $X ightarrow X^{3+} + 3e^-$ — General representation of cation formation; $Z_{	ext{effective}} = Z - \sigma$ — Where $Z$ is atomic number and $\sigma$ is shielding constant

Key Points: Cations are always smaller than their parent neutral atoms due to increased effective nuclear charge per remaining electron.; The process of losing electrons is an endothermic process requiring energy.; Metals commonly form cations by losing valence electrons to reach stable octet configurations.

Advantages: Formation of stable ionic bonds in compounds like $AlCl_3$.

Disadvantages: Requires high ionization energy, particularly for the third and subsequent electrons.

Applications: Formation of ionic salts.; Electrochemistry and electrolytic cell processes.

Additional Info: The valence shell configuration for a $+3$ ion usually involves the removal of $ns$ and $(n-1)d$ or $np$ electrons.. Option A is incorrect because gaining electrons results in a negatively charged ion (anion).. Option C is incorrect because sharing electrons results in covalent bonding, not ionization.. Option D is incorrect as vacancy in orbitals relates to coordination chemistry and hybridization, not inherent net charge.

Answer: B is correct — A charge of $+3$ indicates that the element has lost 3 electrons from its neutral state.

Exam Tip: Always remember that in ionization, protons remain constant in the nucleus; only the electron count changes to alter the net charge.

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Option A: It has gained 3 electrons

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Option C: It has shared 3 electrons

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Option D: It has 3 vacant orbitals

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