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Chapter 1 of 12 • Page 1 of 248🔒 Protected PDF • Watermarked
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CivilWater Resources Management
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In which of the following season is evaporation loss from free water is large?

A

winter

B

spring

C

Autumn

D

summer

Correct Answer

⚙️ TE • Technical Concept & PrincipleCivilWater Resources Management
Option D

summer

Quick Summary:

Evaporation from a free water surface is directly proportional to the vapor pressure deficit and wind speed, both of which reach their annual maximums during the summer season in most parts of India. Higher temperatures increase the kinetic energy of water molecules, facilitating the transition from liquid to vapor phase more readily.

⚙️TETechnical SolutionConcept & Principle
💡 Explanation

Evaporation from a free water surface is directly proportional to the vapor pressure deficit and wind speed, both of which reach their annual maximums during the summer season in most parts of India. Higher temperatures increase the kinetic energy of water molecules, facilitating the transition from liquid to vapor phase more readily.

🔢 Key Formulas

E=Kf(u)(es−ea)E = K f(u) (e_s - e_a)E=Kf(u)(es​−ea​) — Dalton's empirical formula for evaporation

es=6.11×10°7.5T237.3+Te_s = 6.11 \times 10°{\frac{7.5T}{237.3+T}}es​=6.11×10°237.3+T7.5T​ — Magnus formula for saturation vapor pressure at temperature TTT

⚙️ Working Principle

According to Dalton's Law of Evaporation (E=Kf(u)(es−ea)E = K f(u) (e_s - e_a)E=Kf(u)(es​−ea​)), evaporation EEE is a function of the difference between saturated vapor pressure at the water temperature (ese_ses​) and actual vapor pressure of the air (eae_aea​). During summer, intense solar radiation leads to significantly higher ese_ses​ values compared to eae_aea​, and high ambient temperatures increase the evaporative demand of the atmosphere.

📌 Key Points
  • ▸

    Evaporation increases with air temperature, solar radiation, and wind velocity.

  • ▸

    The vapor pressure deficit (es−ea)(e_s - e_a)(es​−ea​) is the primary driving force for evaporation.

  • ▸

    Summer months experience the lowest relative humidity and highest solar exposure, maximizing potential evaporation.

  • ▸

    Pan evaporation measurements are often used as a proxy for lake evaporation using a pan coefficient.

✅ Advantages
  • ▸

    High solar energy availability

  • ▸

    Maximized potential evapotranspiration (PET)

❌ Disadvantages / Limitations
  • ▸

    Significant loss of stored reservoir water

  • ▸

    Reduced hydroelectric power generation potential due to volume loss

🛠️ Applications / Uses
  • ▸

    Reservoir operation planning

  • ▸

    Irrigation water requirement scheduling

  • ▸

    Hydrological water balance modeling

📄 Additional Information
  • ▸

    The pan coefficient (CpC_pCp​) is typically around 0.7 for Class A pans in Indian conditions.

  • ▸

    Winter, Autumn, and Spring have lower ambient temperatures and solar intensity, resulting in significantly lower evaporation rates compared to the peak of Summer.

📊 Diagram / Illustration
Dalton's Evaporation Model
E=Kf(u)×(es−ea)E = K f(u) \times (e_s - e_a)E=Kf(u)×(es​−ea​)
EEE: Evaporation Rate
(es−ea)(e_s - e_a)(es​−ea​): Vapor Pressure Deficit
Summer →\rightarrow→ High TTT →\rightarrow→ Max (es−ea)(e_s - e_a)(es​−ea​)
✅

D is correct — Summer provides the highest ambient temperature and vapor pressure deficit, which are the primary drivers for evaporation from free water surfaces.

Core Concepts Used
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Dalton's Law of Evaporation Vapor Pressure Deficit Hydrological Cycle
💡 EXAM TIP

Always remember that in hydrology, evaporation loss is maximized when the air is dry (low humidity) and hot, conditions characteristic of summer afternoons.

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