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CivilWater Resources Management
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In which of the following season is evaporation loss from free water is large?

A

winter

B

spring

C

Autumn

D

summer

Correct Answer

тЪЩя╕П TE тАв Technical Concept & PrincipleCivilWater Resources Management
Option D

summer

Quick Summary:

Evaporation from a free water surface is directly proportional to the vapor pressure deficit and wind speed, both of which reach their annual maximums during the summer season in most parts of India. Higher temperatures increase the kinetic energy of water molecules, facilitating the transition from liquid to vapor phase more readily.

тЪЩя╕ПTETechnical SolutionConcept & Principle
ЁЯТб Explanation

Evaporation from a free water surface is directly proportional to the vapor pressure deficit and wind speed, both of which reach their annual maximums during the summer season in most parts of India. Higher temperatures increase the kinetic energy of water molecules, facilitating the transition from liquid to vapor phase more readily.

ЁЯФв Key Formulas

E=Kf(u)(esтИТea)E = K f(u) (e_s - e_a)E=Kf(u)(esтАЛтИТeaтАЛ) тАФ Dalton's empirical formula for evaporation

es=6.11├Ч107.5T237.3+Te_s = 6.11 \times 10^{\frac{7.5T}{237.3+T}}esтАЛ=6.11├Ч10237.3+T7.5TтАЛ тАФ Magnus formula for saturation vapor pressure at temperature TTT

тЪЩя╕П Working Principle

According to Dalton's Law of Evaporation (E=Kf(u)(esтИТea)E = K f(u) (e_s - e_a)E=Kf(u)(esтАЛтИТeaтАЛ)), evaporation EEE is a function of the difference between saturated vapor pressure at the water temperature (ese_sesтАЛ) and actual vapor pressure of the air (eae_aeaтАЛ). During summer, intense solar radiation leads to significantly higher ese_sesтАЛ values compared to eae_aeaтАЛ, and high ambient temperatures increase the evaporative demand of the atmosphere.

ЁЯУМ Key Points
  • тЦ╕

    Evaporation increases with air temperature, solar radiation, and wind velocity.

  • тЦ╕

    The vapor pressure deficit (esтИТea)(e_s - e_a)(esтАЛтИТeaтАЛ) is the primary driving force for evaporation.

  • тЦ╕

    Summer months experience the lowest relative humidity and highest solar exposure, maximizing potential evaporation.

  • тЦ╕

    Pan evaporation measurements are often used as a proxy for lake evaporation using a pan coefficient.

тЬЕ Advantages
  • тЦ╕

    High solar energy availability

  • тЦ╕

    Maximized potential evapotranspiration (PET)

тЭМ Disadvantages / Limitations
  • тЦ╕

    Significant loss of stored reservoir water

  • тЦ╕

    Reduced hydroelectric power generation potential due to volume loss

ЁЯЫая╕П Applications / Uses
  • тЦ╕

    Reservoir operation planning

  • тЦ╕

    Irrigation water requirement scheduling

  • тЦ╕

    Hydrological water balance modeling

ЁЯУД Additional Information
  • тЦ╕

    The pan coefficient (CpC_pCpтАЛ) is typically around 0.7 for Class A pans in Indian conditions.

  • тЦ╕

    Winter, Autumn, and Spring have lower ambient temperatures and solar intensity, resulting in significantly lower evaporation rates compared to the peak of Summer.

ЁЯУК Diagram / Illustration
Dalton's Evaporation Model
E=Kf(u)├Ч(esтИТea)E = K f(u) \times (e_s - e_a)E=Kf(u)├Ч(esтАЛтИТeaтАЛ)
EEE: Evaporation Rate
(esтИТea)(e_s - e_a)(esтАЛтИТeaтАЛ): Vapor Pressure Deficit
Summer тЖТ High T тЖТ Max (eтВЫ -eтВР)
тЬЕ

D is correct тАФ Summer provides the highest ambient temperature and vapor pressure deficit, which are the primary drivers for evaporation from free water surfaces.

Core Concepts Used
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Dalton's Law of Evaporation Vapor Pressure Deficit Hydrological Cycle
ЁЯТб EXAM TIP

Always remember that in hydrology, evaporation loss is maximized when the air is dry (low humidity) and hot, conditions characteristic of summer afternoons.

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