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What happens when pea plants showing two different characteristics (the tall/short trait and the round seed/wrinkled seed trait), rather than just one are bred with each other?
The tall/short trait and the round seed/wrinkled seed trait are independently inherited.
They are all tall and have round seeds in F2 generation.
Some F1 progeny are tall plants with round seeds, and some are short plants with wrinkled seeds.
The tall/short trait and the round seed/wrinkled seed trait are dependently inherited.
The tall/short trait and the round seed/wrinkled seed trait are independently inherited.
When pea plants with two different pairs of contrasting characteristics (such as height: tall/short and seed shape: round/wrinkled) are crossed, it is known as a dihybrid cross. Gregor Mendel observed that the inheritance of one pair of traits (e.g., tall/short) is independent of the inheritance of the other pair (e.g., round/wrinkled), which formulated his Law of Independent Assortment.
When pea plants with two different pairs of contrasting characteristics (such as height: tall/short and seed shape: round/wrinkled) are crossed, it is known as a dihybrid cross. Gregor Mendel observed that the inheritance of one pair of traits (e.g., tall/short) is independent of the inheritance of the other pair (e.g., round/wrinkled), which formulated his Law of Independent Assortment.
Imagine shuffling two different decks of cardsтАФone deck containing cards with different heights and another deck containing cards with different seed shapes. Drawing a card from one deck does not restrict or determine which card you draw from the other deck; they mix and match freely.
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment: 'Mix and Match Multiple traits freely' (3:3:1 beyond the 9 main types).
F2тАЛ┬аPhenotypic┬аRatio=9:3:3:1
F2тАЛ┬аGenotypic┬аRatio=1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1
According to Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment, during gamete formation, the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another. Therefore, the allele a gamete receives for one gene does not influence the allele received for another gene, resulting in new combinations of traits in the offspring (such as tall with wrinkled seeds or short with round seeds) in the F2тАЛ generation with a classic phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1.
A dihybrid cross involves the study of the inheritance of two pairs of contrasting traits simultaneously.
The F1тАЛ generation displays only the dominant phenotypes (tall and round).
In the F2тАЛ generation, four different phenotypes appear, including two parental combinations and two new recombinant combinations.
This forms the basis of Mendel's Third Law: The Law of Independent Assortment.
Helps understand genetic variation and recombination.
Proves that genes located on different chromosomes assort independently during meiosis.
Does not hold true for linked genes (genes located close together on the same chromosome).
Assumes complete dominance and simple Mendelian inheritance without epistasis.
Plant breeding and crop improvement programs.
Predicting hereditary traits and genetic counseling in pedigree analysis.
Mendel selected 7 pairs of contrasting characters in garden peas (Pisum sativum) for his hybridization experiments.
Option A correctly states that the traits are independently inherited as proven by the dihybrid cross.
A is correct тАФ The tall/short trait and the round seed/wrinkled seed trait are independently inherited.
Remember that Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment is applicable only to genes that are present on different chromosomes or are very far apart on the same chromosome (unlinked genes).
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