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Examoogle • User • info@examoogle.com • EE-2024-8821
Chapter 1 of 12 • Page 1 of 248🔒 Protected PDF • Watermarked
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The Coordinates of a point with reference to the Common point are called __.
Consecutive Coordinates
Independent Coordinates
Total (Latitude or Departure)
Both B and C
Both B and C
In surveying, coordinates calculated with respect to a fixed common origin (datum) are known as Total Coordinates or Independent Coordinates. These coordinates represent the absolute position of a point relative to a survey's starting point, effectively summing all consecutive coordinate differences.
In surveying, coordinates calculated with respect to a fixed common origin (datum) are known as Total Coordinates or Independent Coordinates. These coordinates represent the absolute position of a point relative to a survey's starting point, effectively summing all consecutive coordinate differences.
Ln=∑i=1nlicosθi — Total Latitude of point n
Dn=∑i=1nlisinθi — Total Departure of point n
The principle relies on the summation of latitudes and departures relative to a survey station assumed as the origin. For a series of survey lines, the Total Coordinate of any point is the algebraic sum of the preceding consecutive coordinates (lengths and bearings) starting from the reference point.
Independent coordinates represent the global position relative to a fixed datum.
Consecutive coordinates represent relative changes (\Delta L,$$\Delta D)between adjacent stations.
The process of calculating total coordinates from consecutive ones is a standard step in traverse adjustment.
Total coordinates are essential for plotting survey maps on a common coordinate system.
Allows direct plotting of points on a grid without needing to re-calculate from the previous station.
Minimizes cumulative error propagation if calculated from a single fixed origin.
Requires an accurate, error-free initial survey of the starting coordinates.
Individual errors in intermediate traverse lines can affect the precision of subsequent points.
Large-scale topographic mapping.
Construction layout for civil engineering projects.
GIS database integration.
Total coordinates are often referred to as 'Cartesian coordinates' in a survey context.
Consecutive coordinates are the individual latitude and departure of each survey leg.
D is correct — Total coordinates (or Independent coordinates) are computed relative to a fixed common origin by summing up the consecutive coordinate components.
Always verify if your traverse is open or closed when calculating total coordinates; in a closed traverse, the sum of total coordinates must return to the origin within the allowable closing error limits.