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Which of the following is/are the correct reason(s) for closing errors in compass surveying at the time of traversing? I. The end station of a traverse generally coincides exactly with its starting station. II. There is no error in the magnetic bearing observation. III. There is an error in the linear distance measurement.
Only III
I, II and III
Only I and III
Only I and II
Only III
A closing error in compass surveying occurs when the calculated final position of a traverse does not coincide with the starting point due to cumulative observational inaccuracies. In a closed traverse, the mathematical expectation is that the sum of interior angles and the sum of latitudes and departures should equal zero, any deviation from this results in a closing error.
A closing error in compass surveying occurs when the calculated final position of a traverse does not coincide with the starting point due to cumulative observational inaccuracies. In a closed traverse, the mathematical expectation is that the sum of interior angles and the sum of latitudes and departures should equal zero, any deviation from this results in a closing error.
e=(тИСL)2+(тИСD)2тАЛ тАФ where e is the closing error, тИСL is the algebraic sum of latitudes, and тИСD is the algebraic sum of departures.
Relative┬аError=Total┬аperimeter┬аof┬аtraverseeтАЛ
During a compass traverse, errors arise from systematic or accidental sources. Statement I is false because a closing error is defined by the failure to close at the starting point, not the presence of coincidence. Statement II is false because errors in magnetic bearing (due to local attraction or instrumental error) are a primary cause of such errors. Statement III is true as inaccuracies in distance measurements (linear errors) directly contribute to the closing error vector.
Closing error represents the discrepancy between the initial and final position of a traverse survey.
Causes include local attraction, faulty linear measurement, and reading inaccuracies.
The closing error vector has both magnitude and direction.
If the traverse is closed, the sum of latitudes тИСL and sum of departures тИСD should be zero.
Allows for the detection of measurement errors.
Provides a basis for balancing the traverse using Bowditch or Transit rules.
Reflects lack of precision in field procedures.
Requires additional time for remedial adjustment calculations.
Land boundary demarcation.
Topographic mapping for small to medium scale projects.
Option I is wrong because a closing error exists precisely when the start and end stations do not coincide.
Option II is wrong because magnetic bearing observation errors are a common source of the total closing error.
The closing error is corrected using adjustment techniques to ensure the survey forms a geometrically consistent closed polygon.
A is correct тАФ Only the error in linear distance measurement (III) acts as a physical cause for the closing error, while the other statements describe the nature of the error rather than its cause.
Always remember that in surveying, the 'closing error' is a calculated residual; if тИСL=0 and тИСD=0, the error is zero, meaning the survey is perfect.
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