Which of the following options represents the correct Lewis structure for methane (CH ₄ )?

Question

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The correct answer is Option A: A carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms with single bonds. Methane ($CH_4$) is a stable hydrocarbon molecule where one central carbon atom forms four equivalent covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms. Each bond is a single bond, resulting in a tetrahedral geometry to minimize electron pair repulsion.

Step-by-Step Solution & Concepts:
Methane ($CH_4$) is a stable hydrocarbon molecule where one central carbon atom forms four equivalent covalent bonds with four hydrogen atoms. Each bond is a single bond, resulting in a tetrahedral geometry to minimize electron pair repulsion.

Working Principle: Carbon has an atomic number of 6, with an electronic configuration of $1s^2 2s^2 2p^2$. To bond, it undergoes $sp^3$ hybridization, creating four $sp^3$ hybrid orbitals. These orbitals overlap with the $1s$ orbitals of four hydrogen atoms to form four strong $\sigma$ (sigma) covalent bonds, achieving a stable octet for carbon.

Key Formulas: $sp^3$ — The hybridization state of the carbon atom in methane; $109.5^{\circ}$ — The bond angle in the tetrahedral methane molecule

Key Points: Methane is the simplest alkane.; The geometry of $CH_4$ is perfectly tetrahedral.; All four $C-H$ bonds are equivalent in length and strength.; Carbon achieves a stable noble gas configuration by sharing 4 electrons.

Advantages: High energy density fuel source; Chemically stable under standard conditions

Disadvantages: Potent greenhouse gas when released into the atmosphere

Applications: Primary component of Natural Gas; Used as a fuel for domestic heating and electricity generation

Additional Info: Methane bond length: approximately 109 pm.. Option B, C, and D are incorrect because they imply multiple bonds, which would violate carbon's valency and the octet rule for hydrogen atoms.

Answer: A is correct — Methane consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms through single covalent bonds.

Exam Tip: Remember that in organic chemistry, carbon always forms 4 bonds; if you count more or fewer bonds in an MCQ option, it is likely incorrect.

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Option B: A carbon atom bonded to one hydrogen atom with a double bond

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Option C: A carbon atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms with double bonds

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Option D: A carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms with triple bonds

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