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Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Indian Constitution? 1) The Preamble is a part of the Constitution. 2) The President can declare a financial emergency under Article 360. 3) The Fundamental Duties were added by the 44th Amendment Act.
1 and 2
2 and 3
1 and 3
All of the above
1 and 2
Statements 1 and 2 are correct. The Supreme Court in the Kesavananda Bharati case ruled that the Preamble is an integral part of the Constitution, and Article 360 empowers the President to proclaim a Financial Emergency. Statement 3 is incorrect because Fundamental Duties were added by the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976, not the 44th Amendment.
Statements 1 and 2 are correct. The Supreme Court in the Kesavananda Bharati case ruled that the Preamble is an integral part of the Constitution, and Article 360 empowers the President to proclaim a Financial Emergency. Statement 3 is incorrect because Fundamental Duties were added by the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976, not the 44th Amendment.
Article 360 of the Constitution of India deals with provisions related to Financial Emergency, which has never been imposed in India to date.
The Preamble is an integral part of the Constitution as established by landmark Supreme Court judgments.
Article 360 empowers the President of India to declare a financial emergency if financial stability is threatened.
Fundamental Duties (Part IV-A, Article 51A) were incorporated into the Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, upon the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee.
Statement 1 is correct: In the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973) and earlier in the LIC of India case (1995), the Supreme Court held that the Preamble is a part of the Constitution.
Statement 2 is correct: Article 360 grants the Union executive power to direct states to observe canons of financial propriety and reduce salaries of public servants during a financial emergency.
Statement 3 is incorrect: The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 modified several emergency provisions and removed the Right to Property as a fundamental right, but it was the 42nd Amendment of 1976 that introduced Fundamental Duties.
A is correct тАФ Statements 1 and 2 are correct while statement 3 is incorrect as Fundamental Duties were added by the 42nd Amendment Act.
Always distinguish between the 42nd Amendment Act (often called the 'Mini-Constitution' which added Fundamental Duties and emergency changes) and the 44th Amendment Act (which undid many emergency-era excesses and safeguarded fundamental rights).
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