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Examoogle • User • info@examoogle.com • EE-2024-8821
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For rural and remote areas, _________________for generation and distribution is permitted
Special feeder
Stand-alone system
Low cost
All of above
Stand-alone system
Quick Summary: According to the Electricity Act 2003 (India), stand-alone systems are explicitly permitted for the generation and distribution of electricity in rural and remote areas that are not connected to the national grid. This policy aims to promote decentralized power generation using renewable sources like solar, wind, or small hydro to provide energy access without the heavy capital expenditure required for grid extension.
According to the Electricity Act 2003 (India), stand-alone systems are explicitly permitted for the generation and distribution of electricity in rural and remote areas that are not connected to the national grid. This policy aims to promote decentralized power generation using renewable sources like solar, wind, or small hydro to provide energy access without the heavy capital expenditure required for grid extension.
Pgen=Pload+Ploss — The fundamental power balance equation for a stand-alone system
Etotal=∑i=1nPi×ti — Total energy demand estimation for rural sizing
The stand-alone system functions as an isolated Microgrid. It typically consists of a local energy source, a storage medium (usually battery banks for intermittency compensation), and a local distribution network. The controller maintains system voltage and frequency within operational limits, independent of the national grid's synchronization requirements.
Under Section 4 of the Electricity Act 2003, the Government encourages stand-alone systems for remote areas.
Decentralized Distributed Generation (DDG) avoids massive transmission losses associated with long-distance lines.
Often integrated with local cooperatives or village energy committees for management.
Standardizes power access where grid extension is techno-economically unfeasible.
Reduced transmission and distribution (T&D) losses
Increased energy security for remote villages
Lower infrastructure cost compared to extending the grid over difficult terrain
Utilization of local renewable energy potential
Limited capacity scalability compared to centralized plants
High cost of energy storage (batteries)
Maintenance challenges in isolated locations
Hill station electrification
Forestry and tribal area energy access
Island community power supply
The Electricity Act 2003 is the primary legislation governing these permissions in India.
Option A (Special feeder) is usually an administrative classification for reliable power, not a standalone generation permission.
Option C (Low cost) is a desired attribute but not the technical classification used in the legal framework.
B is correct — Stand-alone systems are legally permitted for generation and distribution in remote areas not covered by the main electrical grid.
Always remember that in the context of Indian Power Sector Reform, 'Stand-alone' refers to the legal bypass of the licensing requirements for grid-integrated utilities.