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Photovoltaic solar energy conversion system makes use of
Fuel cell
Solar cell
Solar pond
None of the above.
Solar cell
Quick Summary: A photovoltaic (PV) solar energy conversion system converts light energy (photons) directly into electrical energy (DC current) using the photovoltaic effect. This process is inherently facilitated by solar cells, which are semiconductor devices constructed from materials like crystalline silicon.
A photovoltaic (PV) solar energy conversion system converts light energy (photons) directly into electrical energy (DC current) using the photovoltaic effect. This process is inherently facilitated by solar cells, which are semiconductor devices constructed from materials like crystalline silicon.
E=hν=λhc — Energy of incident photons
I=Iph−I0(enkTqV−1) — Ideal diode equation for solar cell
When light with energy greater than the bandgap energy of the semiconductor strikes the solar cell, it generates electron-hole pairs. The built-in electric field at the p-n junction of the solar cell sweeps the electrons to the n-type layer and holes to the p-type layer, creating a potential difference across the cell terminals. This results in an external DC current flow when a load is connected.
Photovoltaic systems utilize the photoelectric effect in p-n junction semiconductors.
The output of a single solar cell is typically low (0.5V - 0.6V), so cells are arranged in modules.
Conversion efficiency is limited by the Shockley-Queisser limit.
Solar ponds are thermal storage systems, whereas fuel cells are electrochemical energy conversion devices.
No moving parts, leading to low maintenance.
Environmentally friendly with zero operational emissions.
High initial capital cost.
Intermittent energy availability requiring storage (batteries).
Residential rooftop solar panels.
Remote power supply for telecommunications and space satellites.
Fuel cells produce electricity via chemical reaction between a fuel (e.g., hydrogen) and an oxidant.
Solar ponds collect and store solar thermal energy via salinity gradients in water.
The term 'Photovoltaic' is derived from 'photo' (light) and 'voltaic' (electricity from Alessandro Volta).
B is correct — Solar cells are the primary semiconductor devices that convert light energy into electricity via the photovoltaic effect.
Always distinguish between PV (direct light-to-electricity) and Solar Thermal (heat-to-electricity or heat-storage) systems, as exam questions frequently swap these concepts.