The output of a solar cell is of the order of

Question

Examoogle · Accepted Answer

1 W

Explanation: A standard silicon photovoltaic cell typically produces an open-circuit voltage of about 0.5 V to 0.6 V. Given a standard cell area of approximately $100 	ext{ cm}^2$ and an irradiance of $1000 	ext{ W/m}^2$ (standard test conditions), the power output is generally in the range of 1 W.

Working Principle: The solar cell functions based on the photovoltaic effect, where incident photons with energy greater than the bandgap energy of the semiconductor (usually silicon) generate electron-hole pairs. These charge carriers are then separated by the built-in electric field at the p-n junction, creating a photovoltage and a photocurrent across the cell terminals.

Key Formulas: $P_{max} = V_{mp} 	imes I_{mp}$ — Maximum power output calculated from voltage and current at maximum power point; $P_{in} = A 	imes I 	imes \eta$ — Theoretical output power based on area $A$, irradiance $I$, and efficiency $\eta$

Key Points: A single solar cell generates a very low voltage (approx. 0.5-0.6 V).; To achieve higher voltage or power, cells are connected in series and parallel combinations to form a solar module.; Standard power output is determined under Standard Test Conditions (STC) at $25^{\circ}	ext{C}$ and $1000 	ext{ W/m}^2$.

Advantages: Renewable and clean energy source; Low maintenance cost once installed

Disadvantages: Intermittent energy availability; Low energy conversion efficiency

Applications: Solar calculators and wristwatches; Remote power systems and satellite arrays

Additional Info: The 1 W rating is a common industry benchmark for a single standard-sized monocrystalline silicon cell.. Higher power outputs are achieved by grouping individual cells into a panel.

Answer: C is correct — A single solar cell under standard solar radiation conditions provides an output power of approximately 1 W.

Exam Tip: Always remember that individual cells are connected in series to increase voltage and in parallel to increase current; the power per cell remains low, necessitating array configuration for practical usage.

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