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Examoogle • User • info@examoogle.com • EE-2024-8821
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Which of the following case is consider for state estimation for power system
Only active and reactive power injection
Only active and reactive line flow
Either a or b
Both a and b
Either a or b
Quick Summary: Power system state estimation is a process of determining the best estimate of the system state (voltage magnitudes and phase angles) from a set of redundant measurements. These measurements include various combinations of power injections, line flows, and sometimes nodal voltages, ensuring observability and data validation.
Power system state estimation is a process of determining the best estimate of the system state (voltage magnitudes and phase angles) from a set of redundant measurements. These measurements include various combinations of power injections, line flows, and sometimes nodal voltages, ensuring observability and data validation.
J(x)=∑i=1mwi[zi−hi(x)]2 — Weighted Least Squares objective function
z=h(x)+e — Measurement model linking measurements z to states x
The state estimator uses the weighted least squares (WLS) technique to minimize the residual between measured values and those calculated from the state variables. Because the system is generally overdetermined, it can function correctly using either power injections, line flows, or a combination of both, provided the system remains observable.
State estimation handles redundant measurements to filter out noise and bad data.
Observability is a prerequisite for a unique state solution.
Measurements can be nodal (injection) or branch-based (flow).
Digital signal processing and load flow analysis provide the foundation for estimation algorithms.
Identifies and eliminates erroneous measurement data.
Provides a complete and consistent database for energy management systems (EMS).
Computationally expensive for large-scale systems.
Requires high redundancy in measurement sensors.
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems.
Contingency analysis in real-time power dispatch.
Measurement sets are classified as 'critically measured', 'redundant', or 'unobservable'.
Option D is often used in practice for higher accuracy, but the state estimator functions correctly with either sufficient injections or flows.
C is correct — State estimation can be achieved using various measurement types, including either power injections or line flows, as long as the system state variables are observable.
In competitive exams, always remember that 'Observability' is the fundamental criteria for state estimation, rather than the specific type of measurement used.