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Which of the following is a sub-surface source of water supply?
Streams
Reservoir
Dam
Tube well
Tube well
Sub-surface water sources are those located beneath the ground level. Tube wells extract water from underground aquifers, making them a primary example of a sub-surface source, as opposed to surface sources like rivers or lakes.
IS 2800:1979
Sub-surface water sources are those located beneath the ground level. Tube wells extract water from underground aquifers, making them a primary example of a sub-surface source, as opposed to surface sources like rivers or lakes.
Q=2╧АDтЛЕkтЛЕHтЛЕтАжln(R/r)тАЛ тАФ Generalized formula for yield of a well based on aquifer properties
v=kтЛЕi тАФ Darcy's Law for groundwater flow
A tube well works by drilling a long pipe into the ground to reach an aquifer. An electric or mechanical pump is used to lift water through the pipe to the surface. The flow rate is governed by Darcy's Law, given by v=kтЛЕi, where v is the seepage velocity, k is the coefficient of permeability, and i is the hydraulic gradient.
Sub-surface sources include infiltration galleries, wells, tube wells, and springs.
Surface sources include rivers, streams, lakes, and man-made reservoirs.
Tube wells provide relatively safer water as it undergoes natural filtration through soil layers.
The yield of a tube well depends on the permeability of the aquifer and the drawdown created by pumping.
Usually free from suspended impurities due to natural soil filtration.
Generally require minimal or no treatment compared to surface water.
Available in areas where surface water is scarce or polluted.
High mineral content (hardness) is common.
Lower discharge capacity compared to large surface reservoirs.
High initial cost for deep drilling.
Domestic water supply in rural and semi-urban areas.
Small-scale irrigation systems.
Industrial process water supply.
Option A (Streams), Option B (Reservoir), and Option C (Dam) are classified as surface water sources because they are exposed to the atmosphere.
IS 2800:1979 provides the code of practice for the construction and testing of tube wells.
D is correct тАФ Tube wells are classified as sub-surface water sources as they extract water from underground aquifers.
Always differentiate between 'Surface sources' (exposed to atmosphere) and 'Sub-surface sources' (tapped via wells/springs). Remember that infiltration galleries are also considered sub-surface sources.
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