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Which of the following methods is/are used for disposal of the municipal solid waste? I: Sanitary landfilling II: Shredding or pulverisation III: Barging out into the sea
Only I and II
Only II
All of I, II and III
Only I
All of I, II and III
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management involves several engineering techniques to reduce, process, or dispose of waste. Sanitary landfilling, mechanical volume reduction (shredding), and oceanic disposal (barging) are historical or contemporary methods recognized in civil and environmental engineering practices.
MSW Management Rules (India) 2016
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management involves several engineering techniques to reduce, process, or dispose of waste. Sanitary landfilling, mechanical volume reduction (shredding), and oceanic disposal (barging) are historical or contemporary methods recognized in civil and environmental engineering practices.
╬╖=ViтАЛViтАЛтИТVfтАЛтАЛ├Ч100% тАФ Where ╬╖ is the volume reduction percentage, ViтАЛ is initial volume, and VfтАЛ is final volume after processing.
Sanitary landfilling involves controlled deposition of waste in layers with compaction and daily soil cover to minimize pollution. Shredding or pulverization reduces the size and volume of waste, improving its handling and incineration efficiency. Barging involves transporting waste via ships to designated deep-sea dumping sites, though this is heavily regulated or prohibited in many jurisdictions due to ecological impacts.
Sanitary landfills require leachate collection systems to prevent groundwater contamination.
Shredding creates a more homogeneous mass, reducing voids for decomposition.
Ocean disposal is largely discouraged by the London Convention to protect marine biodiversity.
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM) prefers hierarchy: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover, and finally Disposal.
Landfilling provides a large-scale solution for inert waste.
Shredding increases surface area for rapid biological degradation.
Barging eliminates the need for land space in densely populated coastal regions.
Landfills can produce landfill gas (methane) if not managed properly.
Shredding is energy-intensive and increases maintenance costs due to wear and tear.
Ocean disposal causes long-term disruption of marine ecosystems and sedimentation.
Municipalities for city waste management
Large-scale hazardous waste containment
Pre-treatment processes in waste-to-energy plants
Option C is the correct answer as all listed methods are recognized technical approaches to waste disposal in environmental engineering textbooks.
Although barging is environmentally discouraged, it remains a historical and categorized method of waste disposal in the context of civil engineering examinations.
C is correct тАФ All listed methods (Sanitary landfilling, Shredding/pulverisation, and Barging) are recognized techniques for the disposal of municipal solid waste.
Always distinguish between 'disposal' methods and 'treatment' methods; while incineration is a treatment for volume reduction, sanitary landfilling is the final step in the disposal hierarchy.
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