Wind energy

Question

Wind energy

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Option B: Has higher cost comparatively

Explanation & Concepts:
Wind energy is a clean, renewable energy source that utilizes the kinetic energy of air streams to generate electricity. Because wind is a natural resource, it provides domestic energy independence with minimal fuel costs, although the initial capital investment and site-specific efficiency requirements influence its economic viability.

Working Principle: Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of moving air into mechanical energy using aerodynamic blades. This mechanical torque is transmitted through a gearbox to an electrical generator, which converts the rotational motion into electrical power. The power output is determined by the cube of the wind velocity, explaining why power generation is highly sensitive to wind speed fluctuations.

Key Formulas: $P = \frac{1}{2} \rho A v^3 C_p$ — where $\rho$ is air density, $A$ is rotor swept area, $v$ is wind velocity, and $C_p$ is power coefficient.

Key Points: Wind power is proportional to the cube of the wind speed ($P \propto v^3$).; It is a non-polluting energy source with zero carbon emissions during operation.; The power coefficient ($C_p$) is limited by the Betz limit, which is 59.3%.; High initial capital costs are associated with turbine fabrication and site infrastructure.

Advantages: Zero emission of greenhouse gases; Low operational and maintenance costs; Sustainable and inexhaustible resource

Disadvantages: Intermittent power production; Visual and noise impact; High initial installation cost per MW compared to some fossil fuels

Applications: Grid-connected wind farms; Off-grid small-scale battery charging; Water pumping in remote areas

Additional Info: The Betz Limit states that no turbine can capture more than 59.3% of the kinetic energy in wind.. Option B is correct because wind projects involve high capital expenditure (CAPEX) for blades, towers, and power electronics, making them perceived as higher cost compared to legacy fossil fuel plants in some regions.. Option C refers to the $v^3$ relationship, which is a fundamental governing principle in wind energy conversion systems.

Answer: D is correct — All listed statements are technically accurate characteristics of wind energy plants regarding their cost, power generation principles, and environmental benefits.

Exam Tip: Always remember the relationship $P \propto v^3$; even small increases in wind velocity lead to massive gains in power output, which is a common focus in GATE and ESE calculations.

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Option A: Is clean, almost free and domestically produced

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Option C: Develops power proportional to the power of the wind

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Option D: All of these

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