Advantage of hydro-electric power station is

Question

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Option A: Low operating cost

Explanation & Concepts:
Hydro-electric power stations utilize the potential energy of water stored in a reservoir to generate electricity. These stations are highly efficient, environmentally friendly, and economically viable due to the absence of fuel procurement and transportation costs.

Working Principle: Water from a high-altitude reservoir flows through a penstock to a hydraulic turbine, converting potential energy into mechanical energy. The turbine rotates a coupled alternator, which converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. The efficiency is dependent on the head of water ($H$) and the flow rate ($Q$).

Key Formulas: $P = \eta \rho g Q H$ — Power output where $\eta$ is efficiency, $\rho$ is density, $g$ is gravity, $Q$ is discharge, and $H$ is head.

Key Points: No combustion process occurs, leading to negligible greenhouse gas emissions.; Hydropower is a renewable energy source with low operating and maintenance costs.; The plant's lifespan is significantly longer than thermal or nuclear power plants.; Eliminates the logistical complexity of transporting massive quantities of fuel like coal.

Advantages: Low operating and maintenance costs; Environmentally friendly (no air or thermal pollution); No fuel transportation or storage logistics; High reliability and long operational life

Disadvantages: High initial capital investment for dam construction; Geographically dependent (requires specific site conditions); Potential impact on local ecosystems and displacement of communities

Applications: Base load and peak load power generation; Grid stabilization via pump-storage systems

Additional Info: Hydro power is categorized as 'Green Energy' due to its minimal carbon footprint.. Option A is correct because of the lack of fuel cost; Option B is correct due to no combustion; Option C is correct as water is available on-site, hence D is the best fit.

Answer: D is correct — Hydro-electric power stations offer multiple economic and environmental benefits, including zero fuel logistics, low operating costs, and clean energy production.

Exam Tip: When answering 'Advantage' questions for power plants, always verify if the options cover both economic (fuel/operation) and environmental (pollution) aspects to quickly identify 'All of the above' as the likely candidate.

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Option B: Free from pollution problems

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Option C: No fuel transportation problems

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Option D: All of the above

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