In hydro power plants

Question

Examoogle · Accepted Answer

Initial cost is high and operating cost is low

Explanation: Hydroelectric power plants are characterized by high capital investment due to civil engineering requirements like dams and penstocks, coupled with very low operational and maintenance (O&M) costs. Unlike thermal plants, there is no recurring expenditure on fuel, as water is a free natural resource.

Working Principle: The potential energy of water stored in a reservoir is converted into kinetic energy through penstocks. This water strikes the turbine blades, converting mechanical energy into rotational motion, which then drives a synchronous generator to produce electricity.

Key Formulas: $P = \eta \cdot \rho \cdot g \cdot Q \cdot H$ — Power output equation where $P$ is power, $\eta$ is efficiency, $\rho$ is density, $Q$ is discharge, and $H$ is head.

Key Points: High initial cost covers dam construction, land acquisition, and heavy mechanical installation.; Low operating cost is due to the absence of fuel costs and automation.; Long operational lifespan compared to thermal or nuclear stations.

Advantages: No fuel consumption cost.; Quick start-up and synchronization capability.; Provides long-term environmental and grid stability.

Disadvantages: High initial capital requirement.; Geographically restricted to locations with sufficient water head.; Long gestation period for construction.

Applications: Base load and peak load power generation.; Grid frequency regulation and pumped storage systems.

Additional Info: The depreciation cost in hydro plants is spread over a longer period (50-100 years) than thermal plants.. Option B is incorrect because O&M costs in hydro plants are among the lowest of all power generation types.. Option C is factually incorrect as site development costs are the highest among standard generation methods.

Answer: A is correct — Hydro power plants involve high capital expenditure for civil structures but enjoy minimal operational expenses due to free fuel (water).

Exam Tip: For competitive exams, always remember that hydro plants have the highest fixed costs but lowest running costs, while thermal plants have lower fixed costs but significantly higher variable (fuel) costs.

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