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In hydro power plants
Initial cost is high and operating cost is low
Initial cost as well as operating costs are high
Initial cost is low and operating cost is high
Initial cost as well as operating cost is low.
Initial cost is high and operating cost is low
Hydroelectric power plants are characterized by high capital investment due to civil engineering requirements like dams and penstocks, coupled with very low operational and maintenance (O&M) costs. Unlike thermal plants, there is no recurring expenditure on fuel, as water is a free natural resource.
Hydroelectric power plants are characterized by high capital investment due to civil engineering requirements like dams and penstocks, coupled with very low operational and maintenance (O&M) costs. Unlike thermal plants, there is no recurring expenditure on fuel, as water is a free natural resource.
P=η⋅ρ⋅g⋅Q⋅H — Power output equation where P is power, η is efficiency, ρ is density, Q is discharge, and H is head.
The potential energy of water stored in a reservoir is converted into kinetic energy through penstocks. This water strikes the turbine blades, converting mechanical energy into rotational motion, which then drives a synchronous generator to produce electricity.
High initial cost covers dam construction, land acquisition, and heavy mechanical installation.
Low operating cost is due to the absence of fuel costs and automation.
Long operational lifespan compared to thermal or nuclear stations.
No fuel consumption cost.
Quick start-up and synchronization capability.
Provides long-term environmental and grid stability.
High initial capital requirement.
Geographically restricted to locations with sufficient water head.
Long gestation period for construction.
Base load and peak load power generation.
Grid frequency regulation and pumped storage systems.
The depreciation cost in hydro plants is spread over a longer period (50-100 years) than thermal plants.
Option B is incorrect because O&M costs in hydro plants are among the lowest of all power generation types.
Option C is factually incorrect as site development costs are the highest among standard generation methods.
A is correct — Hydro power plants involve high capital expenditure for civil structures but enjoy minimal operational expenses due to free fuel (water).
For competitive exams, always remember that hydro plants have the highest fixed costs but lowest running costs, while thermal plants have lower fixed costs but significantly higher variable (fuel) costs.